NUCLEAR ENERGY
THE NUCLEAR FUSION IN HOT
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 Opposite to the energy of fission, which was the first one in know and to control itself, the great alternative of future is the nuclear fusion, which turns out to be an inexhaustible source, since there uses the water, an abundant, cheap and clean resource.

  The nuclear fusion is based on the energy that is liberated of the union between(among) the atoms. Concretly in the merger two isotopes of the hydrogen intervene: the tritio and the deuterio. These isotopes are in use because in order that there takes place(is produced) the merger of the atoms - his(her,your) union - it is necessary that his(her,your) nuclei have the minimal force of repulsion, and this achieves precisely with the most light atoms, those of hydrogen, that only they have a proton in his(her,your) nucleus.  Finger to remember that in the fission everything opposite asks from itself, that the nuclei have the maximum possible repulsion, what that it(he,she) obtains with atoms with many protons (equal poles are repelled).

Since he(she) will remember, an atom is composed by a nucleus, formed for neutrones (not always) and protons. These with electrical positive load and those with neutral load (without load); in turn, the atom consists of an electronic wrapper based on electrons, electrical negative load. In the nature all the atoms are electrically neutral, having equal number of protons that of electrons.

 Whereas the nuclear fission is known and enough good can be controlled, the merger raises the following great disadvantage, which does that it(he,she) continues in phase of study, though entered(approached) good s. The XXIst expects to be solved:

 In order that the reaction of merger is possible it is necessary to conquer the mentioned electrostatic repulsion between(among) two equally loaded nuclei; this is, when atomic nuclei exist with equal load, and by virtue of the beginning(principle) of which you load be equal they are repelled, it is necessary to apply a great energy to obtain the union of the same ones.

 This is achieved thanks to the heat, applying temperatures of million degrees. The above-mentioned problem comes from the difficulty from finding a reactor that bears this temperature.

The above mentioned temperature achieves inside an explosion of fission, that it is the beginning of any bomb of merger or bomb H, which scientific father was Edward Teller.
 With this heat there is created a new condition(state) of the matter, the plasma, in which one gives an absolute disorder of ions and electrons.
Once ended the reaction of merger we will meet a sphere expanded with a temperature of million degrees in which they infest the products of the merger (lithium and isotopes of the hydrogen), such it is his(her,your) speed that some can fuse with others giving place to the reaction of merger. This reaction generates more energy that the previous one and it(he,she) liberates great quantity of nuclear particles, but it is not a chain reaction, since the own(proper) heat that it(he,she) generates does that the particles separate and expand in the shape of a sphere of plasma with a temperature that just experiences the universe of a natural way in very rare(strange) occasions (in the shape of supernova).

Of this form every gram of Hydrogen produces of the order of 173.000 Kilowatts / hour.

  The consolidation process to level atómico.-

  Let's see what happens to atomic level in order that one takes to end the merger.

The doctor Henry Kendall, teacher of Massachussetts's Technological Institute (MIT), put a very graphical example:

" Let's suppose that a small hemispherical concavity - like way of cavity - fact in a horizontal table is a nucleus, and that a ball of steel of a very much minor size is a particle. If we push the ball for the table towards the cavity it(he,she) will fall down rolling about one of his(her,your) sides and it(he,she) will rise for the opposite one, leaving of the same one. On the other hand, if free the ball inside the cavity in one of his(her,your) sides to half a way of the bottom(fund), will rise up to equal height for another side, it(he,she) will return to the point of item(game), and if external influences do not exist, will continue ranging eternally.

  Well then, the problem of the merger consists of introducing the ball of steel in the cavity and of achieving that it(he,she) remains in his(her,your) interior instead of leaving. This only will be able to do it yielding energy somehow. In the merger it is called a binding energy to the quantity of energy that must yield the external particle to remain caught in the cavity. A good example of this loss of energy is the produced one for the merger of the deuterio and the tritio, two isotopes of the hydrogen.
  The nucleus of the tritio contains a proton and two neutrones, and that of the deuterio a proton and a neutrón, giving a whole of 5 particles. In the merger of these isotopes, four of the particles-2 neutrones and 2 protons - join with great force, being capable of expelling violently the remaining neutrón, parting this way with the quantity of necessary energy. This one is the energy that liberates a reaction of merger. When the previous 4 particles have done this they can roll about his(her,your) cavity without they cannot stand anything, but to achieve this it is necessary to compress(control) strongly the nuclei. Only in this moment the strong interaction can extend his(her,your) short but powerful arms in this embrace that unleashes the explosive energy of a bomb of hydrogen ".

How it is possible to obtain the fusión.- 

   There are ways of obtaining the nuclear power of merger that is experienced nowadays, the magnetic confinement and the confinement inercial.

 - Confinement magnético. - is managed to create and to support the reaction thanks to big magnetic charges that do the times of walls of containment of the nuclear charges. The explanation is the following one:
   Since the plasma this one formed by loaded particles, these they must move describing propellers(helices) along the magnetic lines. Arranging these lines so that they are closed on yes same and are contained in a limited region of the space, the particles will be confined in more modest densities during times it sufficiently long as(like) to obtain many reactions of merger.

 
( Reactor of merger tokamak)

- Confinement inercial. - The warming is obtained with láseres of great power and the confinement of the plasma by the own(proper) inertia of the matter. This plasma controls itself in a little time (microseconds), but to very high densities (producing many reactions to him(you,them)).

 The current investigation is inclining more for the magnetic confinement, having revealed itself(himself,herself) recently a new method to support the reaction, changing the magnetic field of the cylindrical form to other one approximately in the shape of horn of bull.

   Also one has spoken about the merger in cold, to avoid the aforesaid problems. This system it was proposed a few years ago by an important scientist, who would suppose a gigantic advance in this field.

 Unfortunately, and as the investment in other two systems it(she) has been the biggest and it would be difficult a lot of money to change the methods of investigation to this new route, apart from the pressures of the scientists who now investigate, that saw his(her,your) subsidies were in danger, in I fry(annoy) the discoverer of the merger little less than it(he,she) stoned him, returning to hear speaking neither of he(it) nor of his(her,your) system. More objective scientists think that with it 40 have got lost at least ó 50 years in the investigation of the merger.
We can say proudly that Spain is in the first positions(places) as for investigation of the energy of merger, having prestigious scientists dedicated to this matter and with great international recognition.

 ( Compact Helical Stellarator (CHS) (Source(Fountain): NIFS))

 One is in the habit of the reaction of merger obtaining for the union of the tritio and the deuterio (isotopes of the hydrogen) to obtain a particle X (alpha) achieving the necessary heat.

 The deuterio is in one 0`15 % in the hydrogen, and the tritio is extracted from the lithium, very abundant in the water, for what there are no problems as for these prime matters.

Reactors of merger: TOKAMAKS AND STELLARATORS.-

( In development)

Results and futuro.-

 Comparatively, the energy of merger provides more energy that that of fission. For example, I happen kilo of hydrogen (very abundant in the nature, since it(he,she) forms a part of the water) it(he,she) would produce approximately 35 million kilowatts hour:

1 kg of Hydrogen = 70.000.000 Kw/h.

 On the other hand the merger does not contaminate, or at least, not so much as the fission, not existing danger of radiactivity. The fission for against, it(he,she) needs of a raw material of difficult and costly extraction.

 As for the usefulness(utility) of the energy of merger, which is the one that gives herself(itself) in the Sun to generate the heat that allows us to live, we can emphasize primeramente that it would be an almost inexhaustible source(fountain) of electricity. Gradually they should go away replacing the reactors of fission with the new ones of merger, the problems of radiactivity being avoided this way.

 In a not too distant enclosed future they might install these reactors, since now it happens with those of fission, in submarines, spaceships, and also in aircrafts and terrestrial vehicles. Probably there could manage to be had cars, trucks, trains, buses ... with engines of merger (the one who knows).

 Apart from the fact that this, technically, will manage to be feasible, it(he,she) will be necessary to possess(to rely on) again the economic and political interests (the industry of the oil moves anually billions of euros, and the conditions(states) win very much across the taxes). Let's remember(remind), for example, the case of that Spanish who invented an engine based on water a few years ago; surprisingly the news disappeared of the mass media concerning days (economic and political pressures?).

 With all these precedents it is necessary to ask us if indeed we will be able to see one day these advances and to benefit, as citizens of afoot(by foot), from them.

 Recently it has been achieved in the Spanish reactor of merger TJ-II, of the CIEMAT, to confine plasma in a temperature similar to that of the Sun. The aim(lens) of this reactor is not to obtain the merger and to generate electricity, but to study during the next fifteen years the behavior of the plasma.

 The TJ-II has a weight of 60 tons and a diameter of 5 meters, and works warming hydrogen injected into his(her,your) interior, thanks to an electrical power of a million of watios generated.

 Up to the moment they have been achieved in 120 occasions it(he,she) takes form, lasting every test(proof) approximately a second.
The success of this experiment is one more step in the attainment of the awaited energy of merger.

Know more about nuclear fusion
The fusion in cold
Programmes Marco IV and V of the European Union
Introduction to the fusion by confinement

Special article: HOW TO STOP(DETAIN) AN ACCIDENT WITH FUSION OF NUCLEUS (without doing anything)
Baron, J.H. Regulative Nuclear authority and Institute CEDIAC - National University of Whose(Which). Argentina